GeoSTATISTICS is a branch of APPLIED STATISTICS that provides a wide range of statistical estimators to predict the values of variables at places, where it has not been sampled using neighboring observations. Spatial information can be used to estimate values of properties at unsampled locations through kriging techniques. The variorum is a central tool of geoSTATISTICS which is a statistical function quantifying the structure, scale, and intensity of spatial variation. Once it determinesproperly, it can be used not only in the estimation, but also to design and improve the sampling network. Generally, the kriging procedure is optimal in the sense that estimates are not only unbiased but also the estimation variance is a minimum. Several forms of kriging techniques like: ordinary kriging, cokriging, and disjunctive kriging, allow dealing with a wide range of problems in environmental sciences.

Aim and Background: The main purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of APPLIED behavioral analysis (ABA) approach on symptoms of autistic children during a five-year period.Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 autistic children (3-7 years of age) were intervened by ABA approach at Isfahan Center of Autism for a period of five years (2007-12). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) was filled out at baseline and at the end of the five-year period. Besides, the subjects were assessed by a checklist including cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help at the beginning of the study and at the end of each year. After five years, all collected data was analyzed with SPSS19.Findings: Pretest and the posttest values of stereotypic behaviors, communication problems, social interactions, and GARS total scores were significantly different (P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements in cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help were observed after each year and at the end of the five-year period (P<0.001).Conclusions: On the whole, it can be concluded that ABA-based interventions can effectively reduce symptoms of autism and increase skills.

There are numerous methods for data filling in hydrology. Most, however, are based on correlations with nearby stations in a general scheme of regionalization. These methods, though robust, fail to function when and where all the near stations are missed-data too. The Mashhad synoptic station has annual rainfall data over a 50 year period from 1951 to 2000 and historic rainfall data from 1893 to 1940, just before World War II. This time series has about 15 years of missed data which cannot be filled by usual methods. So, the techniques of geoSTATISTICS and kriging were adapted to this long-term time series as an alternative. The data showed a poor correlation at every time lag, showing that, while all the semi-variogram models performed nearly equal, there was a high correlation among each of the others. The results included with polynomial regression fits to different moving average orders, nailed at some reasonable estimates for missed rainfall values.

Descriptive STATISTICS is the process of summarizing gathered raw data from a research and creating useful STATISTICS, which help the better understanding of data. According to the types of variables, which consist of qualitative and quantitative variables, some descriptive STATISTICS have been introduced. Frequency percentage is used in qualitative data, and mean, median, mode, standard deviation; standard error, variance, and range are some of the STATISTICS which are used in quantitative data. In health sciences, the majority of continuous variables follow a normal distribution. skewness and kurtosis are two STATISTICS which help to compare a given distribution with the normal distribution.